Frog is used in more than 600 schools and academies across the UK and is recognised as a fast growing innovative company. Frog was ranked 32 in Deloitte’s UK Fast 50 Technology Awards 2011 and 174 in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 500 EMEA 2011 (Europe, Middle East and Africa)

Perhaps the thing which will keep me awake at night will be the fact that I will also be helping Frog put their innovative technologies into ten thousand Malaysian Schools. In what will be a radical transformation of learning in Malaysia, a whole nation will attempt to develop the first genuinely personalised learning approach based on the principles of assessment for learning and learning to learn. To be given a chance for your career thinking to impact directly on six million young people is thrilling.

Caine’s Arcade – one curious nine year old with nothing but cardboard and tape shows us what it means to be creative!

We can name the moments when top performers choke. Their collapse is often spectacular. Over the years we’ve seen it in different sports: Don Fox in Rugby League, Jana Novotna in tennis, Jimmy White in snooker, Roberto Duran in boxing, David Bedford in athletics, Greg Norman in golf, Eric Bristow in darts. The list goes on…

What happens when a top performer loses mental toughness and chokes? Can a coach make an athlete mentally tough?

Researchers cite the links between arousal and performance. They talk about managing attention and about coping strategies. Some causes of choking are said to be stable – for example personality and self-consciousness. Others are labeled unstable – such as expectation, the perceived reward, the audience or the competition.

For some time now I’ve worked with footballers to help them improve the mental side of their game. Accommodating the stable and managing the unstable causes. There have been some successes and some failures. All performers have ups and downs. Everyone will ‘choke’ now and again. For a performance coach it’s how to help the player manage this to reduce its likelihood and then deal with it should it happen.

Why bother with mental toughness?

Elite performers have the edge. At the top-level in every sport, elite performers use mental toughness strategies. Some are learned and some are natural.

Chris Hoy worked with his psychologist prior to the Athens Olympics 1000 metre sprint to mentally rehearse every possible thing which could go wrong so that they were perfectly prepared. The kilo was the hardest sprint event of all. With Hoy going last, he watched on as three of the four competitors before him successively broke the world record. He required a personal best to take the title. He won gold by 0.185 seconds.

When pro basketball players mentally rehearsed throwing shots for 15 minutes prior to practicing, their success rate went up by 9%

The beam in gymnastics is only 10cm wide and is 125cm above the ground. You could walk along it with confidence. How confident would you be if the same beam was placed 25 metres above the ground?

Adrenaline and cortisol levels, blood pressure and heart rate change when you are anxious. Your anxiety levels are determined by your thinking. Control your thinking and you control your body and your performance.

Brain scans show that mental rehearsal stimulates and sends messages to the muscles used in the real experience. This means that you can speed your recovery from injury by visualisation. Slalom skiers improved performance by 12% through regular visualisation sessions before racing.

I tell players to take 10 to 15 minutes before you train to go through what quality in training looks, feels and sounds like.  Give yourself an edge – the body follows the mind. Using the techniques improves the quality of preparation and remember nothing replaces hard work in training

A key part of mental toughness is to use the techniques to train at a better quality level. If it’s all about the match day then it’s too late. Performance psychology is not about a rousing speech! Produce quality in training. Mentally rehearse performing at your very best, particularly in areas in which you need to improve.

My strategies for developing mental toughness in top performers – or at least, the first few strategies

1. Learning about arousal up and down. Focus on managing your emotional state so that you can lower their heart rate and blood pressure and experience what the difference between anxiety and calm is like. Use visualisation and relaxation techniques. Do so regularly during the week.

2. Mental rehearsal. Prior to training take ten minutes to go through how you will produce quality in training. Mentally rehearse performing at your very best, particularly in areas which you need to improve upon.

3. Directed Practice – suggestions for Technique improvement. Take areas of your game where you feel you must be even better. For example a centre forward might focus on:

• Holding the ball up
• Positioning for diagonals
• Winning headers
• Getting across your man

4. Benchmark against a higher or desired standard. Watch the people who are the best and use training as an opportunity to practise the techniques and do what they do. Again, mentally rehearse in detail the performance improvements

5. Competition. Use competition in training to hone skills and build belief. Competition in training sharpens your competitive instinct and plays a big part in building confidence. Competing against yourself and your own Personal Best in skills sessions also builds self-belief.

6. Showing off! Showing your individual skill, doing what you are good at and letting everyone see it can be another way of giving your confidence a little boost. Do it in warm ups, after training and every now and again as a reminder to yourself of how good you are. Showing off what you can do improves your confidence.

7. Set ambitious targets. No-one ever got better at anything by staying in their comfort zone. To have a big impact, set targets for yourself which are at the edge of your ability level. Work towards these demanding targets. Share them with others: until you do so it is easy to cheat!

8. Scaffold the challenges. Don’t try too much too early! Set demanding targets and work towards them. Build up the basics as you go. Top athletes keep performance diaries and are interested in monitoring their own progress.

9. Demand specific useful feedback. Ask coaches, team mates and your family in the stand for specific role and technical feedback. Find out what you could do differently or better.

10. Recovery rituals. Have a simple gesture for recovering from mistakes. Try to focus immediately on the improvement needed and not the mistake. Your performance goes when you are distracted. You suffer 35% in performance losses when you become distracted. It needs up to 40% more mental energy when you lose focus and have to recover. Have a simple gesture for recovering from mistakes. Try to focus immediately on the improvement needed and not the mistake. Dwelling on failures is unhelpful and will destroy your performance.

11. Parking errors. Leave any errors behind. If you are a goalkeeper and you make a mistake you are not going to correct it by dwelling on what went wrong. Park the error up because you know you will be going over it later.  Use your recovery rituals to help you stay sharp. Some keepers do things like drink from the water bottle and spit the mistake away, kick the post with their studs or rub mud on the gloves. Little things which tell your brain – we’ve moved on…

Sport is full of  cliches. Over a life time of sport, top performers have heard them all. The real work in preparing to perform takes place away from team talks, from motivational speeches, from crowds and stadiums – it starts early on in life. Some of it is learned along the way and all of it is learned at the very edge of what’s possible.

Language, the choice of words and the attention we choose to give them shapes response*. Recently I’ve been thinking about the language we use to introduce very young children to classroom learning. I’m particularly interested in the notion of rules, how they signify classroom culture and how they are used to direct behaviour.

It seems every school classroom I’ve ever been in has had protocols formal or informal, stated or unspoken, to shape norms. On occasion a quick glance at the classroom rules tells you what no interview would.  Here for example is a photograph – taken last Thursday by a colleague – of a set of class rules from a secondary school in Tennessee,

Notice rule number four on attentiveness – ‘head off table, no snoring.’

I’m struck how quickly a school can socialize very young children. The teachers’ choice of the Golden Rules for classes 5 and 6 year olds quickly seems to become lodged in their minds as what is necessary for learning. I worry that what we do when we stick up this sort of sign – Listen and Silent are spelled with the same letters – is that we create passivity in our learners. This may have its place when children arrive at school with few social skills and little experience of interacting with others but, over time, it makes the task of developing independent learners and thinkers more and more difficult.

So we set out to put this theory to the test and to explore better alternatives. My colleague John Turner and I set up some interviews with very young children. We spoke to six children from KS1. They were very bright and personable, able to relate to what we were asking and for the most part stay focussed on the questions asked.

We started by asking what sorts of words came to mind when they thought of school: which words would they use if describing their school to an adult. – fun, learning, awesome, good games, amazing, fun (again) and fantastic. They were amused by the question and enjoyed thinking about their answers!

We next asked what sorts of words came to mind when they thoughts of a good teacher. we asked this question so that we could begin to obtain a view on what they thought about themselves as learners and what the relationship with the teacher might be. We asked which words they’d used if describing a really good teacher to an adult. The words used were nice, helpful, intelligent, kind, fantastic, very good, special, really good person and then kind and nice again! This was interesting because it was entirely bound up in the relationship and in being an open, friendly and accessible adult.

The next question was about them as learners: what do you have to do to be really good at learning? This was perhaps the most useful part of the interview process and was as interesting for what was not said as for what was said. The responses were:

• listen
• be nice to others
• help others
• be good at listening
• don’t copy other people
• if someone falls over help them up
• help if someone’s stuck
• do what your told
• don’t be naughty

We then went on to ask about what was their favourite sort of learning. We were told:

• Maths: because it helps you  learn quicker
• Art: they teach you how to make stuff and you get even better and your drawing and writing gets really nice and neat
• Literacy: you get neat handwriting and be a good story teller. More people like your story and you might be a famous writer
• PE: its really fun and it gets you exercised up and my mum really likes it makes me tired

And,

• Football: at sports day because I’m really good at scoring goals and saving 
• Talking about famous people: everyone likes it and it gets you talking
• Everything : I have so much fun at the end of the day I’m so tired when I get  home I have to go to bed straight away

We also asked about the hardest lessons and what was most difficult to learn. The responses included:

• Maths: Year 2 expect us to do better and sometimes its too hard
• PE: its really tiring and it really hurts your back and stomach
• Maths: sometimes there’s really big numbers, that’s hard and counting

Finally we asked their views on why they had to come to school and learn. We asked specifically why they had to learn. Their responses included:

• You have to learn because you just have to
• So that when you are older you are clever
• So that you can be a clever clogs
• All the numbers and things
• You learn things in the past and in the future
• To be good at listening
• To do GCSE’s
• So that when you go to year 2 your teachers think you are intelligent

What caught our attention was that the children were very clear on what was expected and most of the behaviours they described were associated with being ‘good’ rather than being ‘good at learning.’ This offered an opportunity for the school to begin its work on creating independent learners early in their school lives!

On the premise that you will get more of what you reinforce we looked again at creating a positive classroom culture with a new set of rules. John and I asked staff to look at the class protocols already used with a view to revising them in favour of learning behaviours. The learning behaviours included learning together to be even better at:

1. Explaining things
2. Asking good questions
3. Learning something new
4. Practising hard till you get it right
5. Thinking carefully
6. Listening carefully
7. Trying different ways of doing things
8. Being a learning friend who helps others learn
9. Making someone else happy
10. Becoming better at sharing
11. Reading every day

Within hours of the teachers discussing and using the new learning behaviours children responded.  Teachers too had an emerging vocabulary – one which shifted them away from talking about doing towards describing the learning which emerged from the doing.

It remains to be seen whether the higher energy levels, increased persistence and improved engagement noticeable in many of the children remain but it has to be better than passive bidability which, long-term, will switch them away from understanding and enjoying their learning.

The most absurd rules are always the ones promoted by misguided adults. How would you as a six year-old respond to this one placed on a door in the main hall? “No pupil allowed in this cupboard – this is an adult cupboard”.

*Thanks to Geoff Barton for pointing me to the video!

David Lammy at the scene of the riots in Tottenham

We had the Daily Telegraph championing ‘tiger mums’ with our Schools Commissioner for England, Liz Sidwell, saying we need more like them. Former education minister, David Lammy, saying it is ‘easier for middle-class parents to control their children as they could afford to pay for private schools, which have tougher discipline than state schools, as well as activities such as tennis lessons,’ concluding therefore that working class parents need to be able to smack their children. Somewhere along way he implies this would have helped stop the rioting in the summer. Not so sure about that one David.

So, depending on where you lay your violin case, our children either need more private tutoring, extra curricular activities with hot housing or a good smack on the back of the legs, or both. Then we come to schools.

45% of English state secondary schools are already academies or about to convert.

http://m.guardian.co.uk/education/2012/jan/28/state-schools-private-sector-revolution?cat=education&type=article

How you view this development will depend upon your politics; your take on the purpose of education and your perception of the ‘challenge’. It may also depend on how much time you’ve actually spent in state schools in recent years. For most, maybe all, of these schools becoming an academy is more of a financial than a philosophical imperative.

However, it seems part of the current government strategy is to suggest that our school system has gone to pot and that the challenge requires drastic and immediate remedial action. The sociologist Basil Bernstein wrote in Class, Codes and Control in 1971 that the way language is used within a particular societal class affects the way people assign significance and meaning to the things about which they are speaking.

Michael Gove, the Secretary of State for Education, has acquired the key educational vocabulary and made it his own. His schools are ‘academies’ or ‘free schools.’ He has moved in on and secured tenancy on words and phrases such as  ‘aspiration’, ‘achievement’, ‘opportunity’, traditional values’, ‘meaningful qualifications’, ‘academic rigour’. Dare to argue with him about an alternative and you get these words and phrases barked back at you!

Listen long enough and you too might believe that behaviour is out of control, results are being manipulated by schools offering meaningless qualifications, children are unable to read and write and our status around the world – verified by PISA tables – is plummeting. To question any, or all of this, is to inhabit a dangerous place. To offer any alternative view is now to be anti-academic, anti-achievement and  to have low aspirations for the poorest in society. Gove has appointed himself the champion of academic rigour, high achievement and high aspirations  at the same time tying this in to his academies strategy. Anyone anti-academy is now seized upon as ipso-facto doing down the poorest sections of our society.

There are few, if any, schools which are ‘out of control’. I’ve been into hundreds. The tiny number, which upon inspection, are deemed unsafe, are immediately put into category. Schools who have students perhaps not best suited to the A Level qualifications which were designed for a post war world in 1952 have tried to find better alternatives – GNVQ, ASDAN, COPE for example – and so help keep their young people in full-time education. Now they are being pilloried for this effort. If the Secretary of State wants our PISA results to improve the answer is simple. Do what many other nations do and teach to the test! Countries like Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore are leaving 1950’s thinking and teaching to the test behind. We seem to be going back there.  If we choose to use examples from other nations lets be careful to avoid a form of system tourism where we only look at the more eye catching locations.

It’s an age old strategy: find examples of, and then parody, the worst of what it is you seek to change. In this case lampoon the efforts of some of the poorer state schools, label local authorities as incompetent, lax or interfering, have pseudo consultations with small groups of invited Head Teachers, appoint a Schools Commissioner who only ever talks about academies and free schools, ignore community schools. Do so again and again, talk it up, spin your message and make it look as though there is no alternative. Now provide examples, even if they are cherry-picked, of what might be – KIPP, Charter Schools, Kunskapsskolan – before suggesting that only private ambition and finance can deliver what’s needed.  This needs to be challenged.

Here are ten schools from around the world which the Innovation Unit regard as world class and which have been ignored by the Secretary of State and his cadre of advisors.

http://www.innovationunit.org/sites/default/files/10%20Schools%20for%20the%2021st%20Century.pdf

For my book High Performers: The Secrets of Successful Schools,  I visited 20 maintained non-selective schools in England who in their different ways epitomised excellence. All of the schools had a distinct ethos, they were well led, autonomous and brought significant gains to the lives of their children and their communities. At the time of my visit only three were academies.

There are alternative views, alternative answers, alternative approaches. Much of what is excellent in our existing state system goes unrecorded because we choose not to promote excellence in what we already do. Teachers and teacher leaders need to be more vocal! We need to re-locate the language of success back into and around our excellent community schools

Typically about 20 managers and coaches are accepted onto the programme each year. The licence has to be renewed to keep it current. So this last weekend we had our refresher group renewing their licences and our mid-season group meeting together to share some of the programme.  We invite figures from football and other sports to share their insights.

For me, the UEFA Pro Licence weekend is a refreshing reminder that there is still integrity in football with successful individuals who have the humility and openness to share failures as well as successes.  Whether you listened from an education or a football perspective there were lessons to be learned. My seven key lessons are these.

• “You can coach technical ability, develop fitness power and strength but you cannot coach courage, belief or hunger – all of which are abundant in elite performers.” Mick Wadsworth (30 years in coaching). These are qualities which have to be ‘found’ in the individual with the coach or teacher, having ‘found’ them, gradually drawing them out.

• “Performance psychology migrates between the land of reality and the sea of bullshit, no one wins an encounter with a speech.  Protect your players from too much of you and let them make their own decisions” Peter Moores Lancashire County Cricket Club

• “To coach players and develop them you need a well understood consistent infrastructure and a coach who is open-minded and prepared to study new ideas and solve problems.” – Rafa Benitez who has coached in Spain,England and Italy. Rafa told the group that at half-time in the 2005 Champions League final he made no big speech – focusing instead on tactical changes and inviting the players to be ‘proud.’ A minute before he was due to go back out he discovered because of an injury he had to change his team again.

• “No matter how thoroughly you prepare, how much time you spend in getting tactics and formation right, how much detail you go into nothing can prepare you for the occasion. The occasion changes performances and changes behaviour.”_ - Rene Meulensteen Manchester United First team Coach on setting up to play Barcelona in the Champions League Final. The level of detail in preparation is frightening!

• “Don’t wait … Create!” Brendan Rogers who has stuck to his personal philosophy and principles of play in his pursuit of world class coaching and whose team are now earning plaudits for their high tempo possession football. He talked of his own learning journey including working with Mourinho. A manager who was obsessive about detail down to the colour of the cones, whose commitment meant he’d occasionally work late and be found asleep in the dressing room at 7.00 the next morning!

• “Look at your talent pool and work out their cost per minute on the pitch!” Malky Mackay, manager of CardiffCity whose management approach is forensic in its detail. This maxim could apply to any profession

• Finally, the message that emerged more than anything else regarding coaching and teaching was, “the environment is the best teacher” In other words, the circumstances in which you have to learn provide the benchmarks and shape the everyday behaviours and habits which then deliver the performance.

The man on top of the mountain didn’t fall there. The managers, teachers and coaches who excel in their discipline are life-long learners and students of their game.  They are in pursuit of what Mourinho calls ‘relentless simplicity’, making the complex simple, seeing beauty in every aspect of their chosen game.

For over 200 years the small Dales town of Dent stuck to its knitting. Dent, in the north of England owed its prosperity to wool, and developed a cottage industry of knitters, mostly men. These knitters became known as the Terrible Knitters of Dent. Terrible then meant ‘awesome’ – surprisingly good! The knitters went at it night and day, sometimes whilst they herded sheep, milked cattle or repaired their roof! They multi-tasked using knitting ‘sticks’ tucked into the belt as one of the needles. The locals had to stick to the knitting to sell the products and keep starvation at bay. Needles often became bent and worn with use. An 18th century rhyme went:

She knaws how to sing and knit
and she knaws how to carry t’kit
While she drives her kye to t’pasture

The Terrible Knitters of Dent were awesomely good at what they had to do. They shared ideas, collaborated, maintained a high standard in their work and thrived together. They also did the other things but never stopped sticking to the knitting for a moment. Tourists would come from miles around to watch as they knitted with one hand and milked their cow with the other! We can learn from the knitters.

For me the lessons of the knitters are bound up in what my colleague,John Turner, calls the three C’s: Clarity, Coherence, Consistency. We might add a fourth, Community.

Organisations such as schools apply the three C’s when seeking to improve. By focusing down, by saying no more often, by avoiding the temptation to fulfil others’ agendas schools become terrible knitters. Clarity is found when agreement is reached over core purpose. For us core purpose is about planning, delivering, evaluating and improving quality learning experiences for and on behalf of the students – nothing else!. Top sports coaches talk of the power of focussing on process over results. A focus on results distorts preparation. We say focus on the processes of learning. For the knitters clarity was being sure that what they could produce was useful, locally owned and of the highest quality.

Clarity around what makes great learning precedes coherence. Coherence comes when we build and share agreement on the mechanisms for the delivery and scrutiny of great learning and each and every one of us buys in to those mechanisms. This means that we meet and talk regularly about what we do well and how to get even better; we monitor, support and challenge each other and we benchmark against the best. Coherence for the knitters would come as they sat around each others’ fireplaces and talked.

Finally a school achieves consistency when great learning is a matter of routine. Consistency is when, day on day, learning is optimised for the benefits of the students. This does not mean each and every lesson, every day is high in teacher energy and suffused with novelty. It means that students are actively and purposefully engaged often feeling a responsibility for their own learning and the learning of others. When a learning community comes together in support of an agreed purpose, you witness discretionary effort! The knitters survived as a community phenomenon into the 20^th century. The Community adds leverage to any common goal. A community who invests in delivering great learning directs and schedule its efforts towards its day on day delivery.

Having worked with a community of schools over a period of 18 months we found remarkable progress once agreement on what comprised great learning was in place.  Once we had clarity over what great learning looked like, we were able to pursue coherence in delivery and consistency in its quality. Here is our clarity on Great Learning. Students across our community -

• Value and Enjoy Learning
• Are Actively and Purposefully Engaged
• Are Safe, Secure and Self Confident
• Build and Sustain Relationships
• Stretched Through Challenge
• Are Creative, seeking out Patterns and Solutions
• Ask, and are asked, Great Questions
• Make Progress Based on Feedback
• Transfer Their Learning
• Take Responsibility for their Own Learning and the Learning of Others

The Terrible Knitters of Dent endured without any sorts of checklists. The harshness of daily life alone reminded them to stick to the knitting. Be clear about, and focus relentlessly on, what needs to be done. Eventually as you become accomplished in your knitting you might be able to milk a cow at the same time.

The landscape of our lives provides births, deaths and rites of passage each with their own little questions and answers nudging us along – but what would it be like to get up every day of your life knowing that what you were doing consumed all of your hopes and dreams and answered all your questions? For some, maybe most, such moments never occur and larger questions are never asked, never answered.

Meeting people who have this strong purpose can be as invigorating as standing in an icy shower. I haven’t met this guy, Mickey Smith, but I’ve listened to him speak and what he said stopped me in my tracks. This short video works for me like an icy shower. It sends the equivalent of thousands of volts straight down my spine. It gets me out of bed and asking the questions. It washes away the self-doubt that can transfix. Judge for yourself…

http://player.vimeo.com/video/14074949?title=0&amp%3Bbyline=0&amp%3Bportrait=0

“If I only scrape a living, at least its a living worth scraping…” Mickey Smith, 2011

What will the elite end of soccer look like in ten years time? This was the question we posed to the group of coaches who met at Wokefield Park Reading this weekend for the first ever FA Elite Coaches Programme.

The English Premiership is now 20 years old and some would argue the game has moved on for the better. The trends suggest that it is being played by athletes who, at the top end, are tactically astute technicians who anticipate and solve problems at speed.

In this period in the Premier League we know that there is now:

• 90% plus pass accuracy in many games (with two players at 100% in two separate games)
• 3 seconds average time between passer and receiver
• typically 2 seconds per player in possession, with just over 2 touches on the ball and under 3 seconds to make a decision as the ball come to you
• heart rates increasing over 90plus minutes to 180 and beyond
• more distance covered at pace
• fewer instances of balls going directly from front to back

In the Champions League in the last six years we know that:

• there are at least 1400 direction changes per game with 12 – 17 km covered by individual players per game.
• 15% of time is spent on low speed running, 10% on moderate speed running, 2% at high speed and 1% flat out
• In the last six years there has been a 13% increase in passes and a forward pass increase  of 10%
• 84% of passes are successful one touch passes!
• positional fluidity is dramatically up with more teams defending deeper and counter attacking

So the challenge for our modern coaches is to design development programmes and prepare players for a game which requires quicker decision-making, improved technical ability, increased stamina and speed and more tactical nous!

The answer, despite all the fuss about 10,000 hours of directed practice, is not more and more of the same. The answer lies in coaches understanding the principles of athletic development, who know how to encourage effective and instant decision-making in game contexts, have deep understanding of changing tactical demands and an obsession with working towards technical perfection.

We had sixteen of the best young coaches in the English game for less than three days. We debated the future game, the future player and the future coach. In the next eighteen months we will take the theory onto the grass and into the clubs. The word we kept hearing over the weekend was obsession! Let’s get obsessive together!

Alite achieved a great deal in its 12 year history. Through our work in accelerated learning we encouraged schools to think more about understanding and developing learning and learners and less about covering the curriculum and covering ones’ backsides. Our learning to learn approach – L2 – showed how important it was for students to do more than learn to regurgitate well-rehearsed arguements and facts to pass exams.

We shook the academic tree and got educationalists arguing less about school effectiveness, total quality management and re-engineering to arguing endlessly about controversial and more worthwhile topics such as – learning styles, motivation, the brain and the place of personal attributes in learning. Alite created products – such as the ALPS Approach, L2 and PAL which worked and which left a legacy.

We also helped energise some sections of the teaching profession who, in giving up on their students, had given up on themselves. The books we wrote and co-wrote broke the mould of books for teachers! Previously they comprised  theory or polemic and were correspondingly dull and worthy in both appearance and style. Following the Accelerated Learning Series a whole generation of easy to read practical ‘guides’ followed. Finally, our training programmes modelled the methods and values we espoused. They were never exactly the same; always brought an energy and more importantly were never in service of orthodoxy or the familiar line. I am standing here on the cusp of a new era – the GoveShaw era – and feel fired up to kick on once again!

As we kick on again, the next few years will be incredibly exciting . I’m looking forward to it so in preparation here’s my homework for the break!

And a final seasonal wish! Have a good one